12/ 5/2007

Undercover Ethnography

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Alex Frankel, a business journalist and a keen observer of the hidden cultural norms that drive corporate America, has a new book out.  Punching In: The Unauthorized Adventures of a Front-Line Employee chronicles his two years undercover as a barista at Starbucks, a UPS driver, and at the retail counters of Gap, Apple, and Enterprise Rent-A-Car. It's a great premise.  Who doesn't want to get the insider perspective on some of the most admired consumer brands?  Alex focuses as much attention on how these companies recruit and train to enforce certain cultural values as he does to the experience of the job itself.  For advertisers who are looking to turn their customers into brand ambassadors, it's worth thinking about how these companies systematically go about turning hourly workers into successful messangers of the brand.

I met Alex during his stint as an Organic copywriter (future research?), and I had a chance to ask him some questions about the book.

Can you talk a little about the genesis of the project? And why a front-line worker and not, say, an entry-level employee?

When I was about 17 I met a guy who had worked as a UPS driver and he told me all about that job. He told me specifically about how much he had been analyzed and examined by some scientists sent from corporate headquarters: They had measured things like how long it took him to walk an average package to someone’s front door from his truck. The level to which they cared about such things intrigued me and from then on I knew I had to work for UPS some day, and to live the brand. My goal was to work entry-level jobs on the front-lines of customer service so I could stand in as the face of a given company.

For an ad agency like Organic, it seems like a fantasy to spend time with a brand the way you did - to really live and breathe it (although Agency.com was ridiculed precisely for this when they did their Subway pitch). How did being a front-line employee get you inside the brand?

When you are a front-line employee you represent a brand, a company, to the outside world. You are a channel through which a company can showcase what it stands for and represents. By working on the front-lines, as I did, I was able to bring in my understanding of branding and corporate culture and then see how companies trained me and indoctrinated me into their cultures; I could see how they were making me into one of them (or not).

What were some of the more intriguing differences between the consumer’s perceptions of the brand and what you actually encountered?

I went in with a feeling that all the frontline jobs I was applying to were jobs that essentially drew from the same talent pool, but I was completely wrong. Someone who elects to work at Starbucks is a very different person from someone who gets hired and stays on for ten years at UPS. There’s a self-selection process in play that I had not understood and that surprised me greatly. As a customer, by and large you don’t really know how a company uses its employees and what their true roles are. In each place I worked I found examples of this intriguing: Gap workers are given many incentives to sign up customers for GapCards; when Starbucks launches a new drink it tries to convince patrons to buy them; UPS drivers must work their way up from loading trucks to driving them.

I’m really curious about the screening process. You talk about firms turning "anybodies into somebodies". Do these companies take all comers and try to mold them into a particular way of working, or does Starbucks say actively recruit the gregarious, Apple the geeky etc. Do you think there are certain types of individuals who are better suited to particular firms?

The best companies out there are very careful about who they hire and they have a fairly clear sense of what type of person will match their culture and mission so that they can look for the best people to bring on. To be so choosy is obviously a luxury that only certain companies have. A place like Apple certainly has the ability to attract people who are already highly engaged with Apple, the company, and passionate about Apple products. Having access to such a talent pool puts the company way ahead of any competition. Starbucks might not have so many people who are passionate about coffee applying, but Starbucks can identify a select list of traits that will make people good fits behind the counter and try to hire them.

Having read some of the book, I think the manufacturing of an hourly-worker corporate culture strikes you as disingenuous and maybe even a little poisonous. It’s hard not to compare your project to Morgan Spurlock’s experiment with McDonalds.  Do you think your book exposes or discredits the companies you worked for, and if so, how?

The film "SuperSize Me" by Morgan Spurlock had a different goal than mine—his goal was to be the ultimate customer of McDonald’s. My goal was to see what it was like to be the face of five companies and compare and contrast among those experiences. I definitely don’t believe creating corporate culture on the front-lines is disingenuous. On the contrary, having a strong corporate culture (seen at places like UPS) is a huge asset. But there are indeed good and bad cultures. An authentic corporate culture does not rely on printed materials—handbooks and diagrams—to inculcate new employees, the culture simply travels by osmosis from worker to worker. If a corporate culture can be loosely based on a few tenets but otherwise get handed from one worker to the next, it is most likely a fairly authentic culture. Starbucks made me cynical through its reliance on employee texts, whereas UPS felt real from the moment I got there.

How do you think your own biases played into the process? Did you seek to become of "one of them", or did you actively resist? When people really loved their jobs, did you think of them as brainwashed or just really well-suited to the corporate culture?

I certainly was not someone who was a natural fit in most of these workplaces so becoming subsumed into the culture was interesting for me to experience. In each place I worked there was always at least one person who cherished their job and was a devout believer in the company and its mission. This was exciting to see and that person, that believer, was in every case an inspiration for the people who they worked with.

Seems like you dug being a UPS driver. Is it true they get all the chicks?

For me, UPS was the one place where I simply never questioned what was required of me to do the job, I just did it.

Misha Cornes

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Comments (2)

This is a great story. The most telling comment was way at the bottom - when working for a truly great company (UPS) you didn't really need to be told what the culture was - it was obvious.

The more "culture" handbooks a company has, the less likely they have a strong, healthy culture.

Tom O'Brien
www.motivequest.com

For some reason, I think that this book is more honest and worthwhile than Barbara Ehrenreich's

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